The Immune System and Other Body Defenses. They are produced from columnar basal cells attached to a basement membrane. The skin responds to the sensations of touch, pain, itch, heat, and cold. This requires that the hairs be dry and waterproof; the cold-weather coat of many animals is often longer and finer to facilitate heat conservation. Vesicles are an example of a damaged basement membrane zone. The “twitch muscle” (panniculus carnosus) is the major subcutaneous muscle. Anatomically, the skin consists of the following structures: epidermis, basement membrane zone, dermis, appendageal system, and subcutaneous muscles and fat. A section of skin with various accessory organs is shown in Figure 1. The stratum corneum is continuously shed or desquamated. Epitrichial glands are not present on footpads or on the planum nasale. As a system it has contributions from all embryonic layers. The quiz here is perfect to help you check just how much you can remember. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. These are slow-adapting mechanoreceptors. Merkel cells are specialized sensory cells associated with skin sensory organs, eg, whiskers and tylotrich pads. The skin also consists of accessory organs, such as glands, hair, and nails, thus making up the integumentary system. You must get at least 80% or retake the test. They are present in large numbers near the mucocutaneous junction, interdigital spaces, dorsal neck area, rump, chin, and tail area; in some species, they are part of the scent-marking system. This system has three main functions: Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).. Protection of the body by white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins that circulate in the blood and defend … The Integumentary System The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, the subcutaneous tissue below the skin, and assorted glands. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: All the best and believe in yourself. The lymphatic system : Quizzes on the lymphatic system. The skin has many functions, including serving as an enclosing barrier and providing environmental protection, regulating temperature, producing pigment and vitamin D, and sensory perception. The structural arrangement of keratin and the lipid content of the skin are critical to this function. Atrichial glands are only present in the foot pads. Sensation is provided by nerve endings for touch, pain, and heat. The rate of cell mitosis and subsequent keratinization are controlled by a variety of factors, including nutrition, hormones, tissue factors, immune cells in the skin, and genetics. In most species, trapping dead air space between secondary hairs conserves heat. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. The basement membrane zone serves as a site for attachment of basal epidermal cells and as a protective barrier between the epidermis and dermis. The dermis is a mesenchymal structure that supports, nourishes, and to some degree, regulates the epidermis and appendages. Sebum is a complex lipid material containing cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, diester waxes, and fatty acids. It is the organ that functions non-stop from the time of its formation in the womb until an individual’s death. Animals normally shed their hair coat in response to changes in temperature and photoperiod; most animals undergo a shed in the early spring and early fall. Hormones have a significant effect on hair growth. The Hypodermis, Next Sensory nerves are distributed in the dermis, hair follicles, and specialized tactile structures. The hair coat can also help cool the skin. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America. The primary functions of the hair coat are to provide a mechanical barrier, to protect the host from actinic damage, and to provide thermoregulation. It also functions to retain body fluids, protect against disease, eliminate waste products, and regulate body temperature. Lymphatic system (anterior view) The lymphatic system is a system of specialized vessels and organs whose main function is to return the lymph from the tissues back into the bloodstream.. Lymphatic system is considered as a part of both the circulatory and immune systems, as well as a usually neglected part of students' books. Dogs and cats thermoregulate primarily by panting, drooling, and spreading saliva on their coats (cats). Figure 1 .A section of skin with various accessory organs. There is some clinical evidence to suggest that limited sweating occurs in dogs and cats, and that it may have a minor role in cooling the body. The integumentary system functions in thermoregulation—the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries—even when the surrounding temperature is very different. The evaporation of sweat from the skin is the primary body cooling mechanism for horses and primates and, to a lesser degree, pigs, sheep, and goats. It is one of the organs on the left side of the body. The integumentary system covers the surface of the embryo (skin) and its specialized skin structures including hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands and teeth. As keratinocytes migrate upward, they undergo a complex process of programmed cell death or keratinization. The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential functions for the human body. The skin consists of two layers, the epidermis and the underlying dermis. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. One of the essential functions of the skin is thermoregulation. The client should schedule an appointment to have the ticks safely removed by a trained staff member. The functions of the lymphatic system … The growth of hair is controlled by a number of factors, including nutrition, hormones, and photoperiod. Also see pet health content regarding structure of the skin in dogs, in cats, and in horses. The skin protects deeper tissues from mechanical damage (bumps), chemical damage (acids and bases), ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight), bacterial damage, thermal damage (heat or … Cardiovascular system. The goal of this process is to produce a compact layer of dead cells called the stratum corneum, which functions as an impermeable barrier to the loss of fluids, electrolytes, minerals, nutrients, and water, while preventing the penetration of infectious or noxious agents into the skin. The nervous system : The functions of the brain and nervous system. The heart’s function is to pump blood to reach deeper most tissues of the body. The skin also consists of accessory organs, such as glands, hair, and nails, thus making up the integumentary system. Production of pigment is under hormonal and genetic control. A section of skin with various accessory organs is shown in Figure 1. Functions Fungi Galaxies Galileo Galilei Game Theory Gas and Oil Gears Genetic Mutations Genetics Geography Themes Geologic Time Geometry George Washington George Washington Carver Georgia O'Keeffe Getting Help Giant Squid Gills Glaciers Global Positioning System The warm-weather coat of animals, particularly large animals, consists of shorter thicker hairs and fewer secondary hairs. Sebum is important to keep the skin soft and pliable and to maintain proper hydration; it gives the hair coat sheen and has antimicrobial properties. Melanocytes provide constitutive pigmentation, the genetically programmed pigment and facultative pigmentation, that occurs as a result of stimulation from hormones, UV light, inflammation, etc. The reproductive system : The functions of the male and female systems. The growing stage of the hair is referred to as anagen, and the resting stage (mature hair) is referred to as telogen. It protects us from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. These structures grow out of (and are continuous with) the epidermis and consist of hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and specialized structures (eg, claw, hoof). bookmarked pages associated with this title. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Principles of Topical Therapy in Animals. Last full review/revision Jan 2020 | Content last modified Jan 2020, © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), © 2021 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. Synthesis of vitamin D occurs in the skin. The hair coat also helps conceal or camouflage the animal. Quiz The Hypodermis. Cats also sweat through their paws, especially when excited; this is most commonly seen as wet paw prints on surfaces, eg, examination tables. It has been hypothesized that photoperiod and reproduction cycles may affect the epidermis in animals. © 2020 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The respiratory system : Quizzes on the functions of the respiratory system The integumentary (skin) system : How well do you understand your own skin? This anatomic change allows air to move easily through the coat, which facilitates cooling. The client should immediately remove the tick by grasping it with tweezers and twisting it to detach its mouthparts. The subcutaneous fat (panniculus adiposus) serves many functions, including insulation; reservoir for fluids, electrolytes, and energy; and shock absorber. The skin, or integument, is considered an organ because it consists of all four tissue types. Bone tissue, or osseous tissue , is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the internal support structure of … The functions that I just described are all controlled by the somatic nervous system, which is the part of the nervous system that voluntarily responds to external stimuli. The skin performs a variety of functions: Previous This process is one aspect of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal’s internal and external environment. Broadly speaking, the integumentary system is composed of skin and its appendages, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, mucocutaneous junctions, and breasts. Functions of the Integumentary System • Protection against injury and infection • Regulates body temperature • Sensory perception • Regulates water loss • Chemical synthesis The body is made up of eleven organ systems, they all have specific functions but are interrelated to each other. Excretion of salts and small amounts of wastes (ammonia and urea) occurs with the production of sweat.
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